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Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Definition and diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and
other categories of glucose intolerance 2
2.1 Definition 2
2.2 Diagnosis and diagnostic criteria 3
2.2.1 Diagnosis 3
2.2.2 Diabetes in children 4
2.3 Diagnostic criteria 4
2.3.1 Change in diagnostic value for fasting
plasma/blood glucose concentrations 5
2.3.2 Epidemiological studies 6
2.3.3 Individual diagnosis 7
3. Classification 8
3.1 Earlier classifications 8
3.2 Revised classification 9
3.2.1 Application of the new classification 9
3.3 Terminology (Table 2) 11
4. Clinical staging of diabetes mellitus and other categories
of glucose tolerance (Figure 2) 14
4.1 Diabetes mellitus 14
4.2 Impaired glucose regulation - Impaired Glucose
Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glycaemia 14
4.3 Normoglycaemia 16
5. Aetiological types (see also section 7. and Table 2) 17
5.1 Type 1 17
5.2 Type 2 18
5.3 Other specific types (Table 3) 18
6. Gestational Hyperglycaemia and Diabetes 19
6.1 Diagnosis of gestational diabetes 207. Description of aetiological types 21
7.1 Type 1 (beta-cell destruction, usually leading to
absolute insulin deficiency) 21
7.1.1 Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus 21
7.1.2 Idiopathic 22
7.2 Type 2 (predominantly insulin resistance with relative
insulin deficiency or predominantly an insulin
secretory defect with/without insulin resistance) 23
7.3 Other Specific Types 25
7.3.1 Genetic defects of beta-cell function 25
7.3.2 Genetic defects in insulin action 26
7.3.3 Diseases of the exocrine pancreas 27
7.3.4 Endocrinopathies 27
7.3.5 Drug- or chemical-induced diabetes 28
7.3.6 Infections 28
7.3.7 Uncommon but specific forms of
immune-mediated diabetes mellitus 29
7.3.8 Other genetic syndromes sometimes
associated with diabetes 30
8. The Metabolic Syndrome 31
8.1 Definition 32
8.2 Future needs 33
References 34
Annex 1 The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 48
Annex 2 Methods for measuring substances in blood and urine 49
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